International Journal of Engineering
Volume:37 Issue: 3, Mar 2024

With the plethora of automobiles introduced in the last 2 decades, brake emissions have been a notorious contributor to overall emissions. In the present work, the low-metallic friction material is developed (for 3 samples accounting for 10 different ingredients) to reduce non-exhaust emission. The friction materials are manufactured by the compression molding method and various samples are required for physical, mechanical and tribological characterization are prepared as per ASTM standards. The tribological performance is tested by a 'pin on disc' apparatus. The tribological parameters such as speed, load and sliding distance is selected by considering for the scooter application. Taguchi Design of Experiment (DoE) is used to find optimal operating parameters. Additionally, ANOVA and regression analysis are also done. Results reveal that the wear rate is minimum at the optimal operating parameters. The average wear rate obtained from sample 3 is less than samples 1 and 2. The higher and lower wear rate and coefficient of friction for sample 3 are 0.002 and 0.00033 mg/m and 0.462 and 0.301, respectively. The morphological behaviors are studied with the help of SEM. Moreover, Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) is carried out to explore the thermal behavior of friction material samples. Results illustrate that sample 3 proves to be a potential substitute as a novel brake friction material.

Construction and demolition (C&D) wastes are increasing continuously with intensified construction activities worldwide resulting in ecological concerns. Recycling of these waste products into recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) in base and sub-base layers of pavement is one of the solutions for the problem. Thus, the present study is an in-depth investigation of the utilization of the RCA in construction sector containing laboratory tests, microstructural characterization, and economic analysis. The experiment revealed that, for each mix proportion, the maximum dry density decreases and the ideal moisture content increases as the cement percentage is increased. The 7-day average ultimate compressive strength value for natural aggregates (NA) and recycled concrete (RCA) combined with additives met the requirements. The durability index for all the mix proportions was greater than 0.80. Finally, it was found that 17.86% of the material cost was saved with incorporation of RCA (50%)-NA (50%) for the construction of the sub-base layer of the pavement.

Despite the diversity of energy sources at the present time, they have not been able to be a real alternative to crude oil, as it is still considered the primary source of energy in the world and will remain so for many years. As is known, the petroleum industry consists of an interconnected series of operations, starting with extracting crude oil from wells and ending with its refining process. As is known, the petroleum industry consists of an interconnected series of operations, starting with extracting crude oil from wells and ending with its refining process. These operations vary in degree of difficulty, cost, and challenges they face. Crude oil emulsion is one of the most costly issues in this important industry. In the current study, a novel environmentally friendly bio-demulsifier synthesized from corn oil waste has been introduced. The unique characteristics of this novel bio-demulsifier were diagnosed using several tests, including: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The demulsification activity has been evaluated using a bottle test method as a function of settling time, water content, and temperature. The maximum separation ratio was 69.3% at a dose of 1000 ppm for 5 hours and 70 °C, while the water-oil ratio was 30/70. The obtained results demonstrate that bio-demulsifier could be used as a safe and environmentally friendly alternative in initial demulsification units, which will reduce the environmental hazards and financial costs associated with the oil industry when using traditional demulsification methods.

This paper introduces and investigates a symmetrical structural design centered around a Nanoscale Fin Field-Effect Transistor (Fin-FET). Employing advanced tcad simulation techniques, the study discusses the characteristics of the Fin-FET. Here, a comprehensive exploration of the device performance across a spectrum of parameters, including drain current, electric field distribution, surface potential variations, energy band configurations, carrier concentration behaviors, and the Ion/Ioff ratio. Through rigorous analysis, the research sheds light on the symmetrical design's impact on these fundamental aspects of the Fin-FET's operation. The insights gained from this study hold the potential to enhance our understanding of device behavior, paving the road for refined designs and optimized utilization of Fin-FET technology in advanced semiconductor applications. Several types of engineering's are applied to test the device under various aspects. Gate engineering, doping engineering, and work function engineering were applied to test the device drain current characteristics. Therefore, this proposed has been widely adopted in modern Nano scale semiconductor devices.

Laser cutting is a precise, powerful, and low-cost tool for cutting different sheets of metals and polymers. The literature survey shows that the quality of cutting (surface roughness and kerf geometry) is a sophisticated parameter and conventional approaches cannot describe the quality of cutting for thin sheets of polymers very well. Statistical tools can help to interpret the effect of process variables. In this article, the laser cutting of Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is experimentally investigated. The effect of process variables of laser cutting including the scanning speed, laser power, and laser beam diameter on the kerf width and surface roughness by Response Surface Methodology design investigated. The results revealed that increasing the laser power leads to increasing the surface roughness and decreasing the taper angle, while the kerf width at the top and bottom surface of the sheet decreases at first, then increases (for higher laser power than 90W). Also, increasing the scanning speed causes increasing surface roughness while the taper angle and the kerf width at the top and bottom surface increase at first, then it decrease. By increasing the laser beam diameter, the surface roughness will increase while the taper angle and the kerf width at the top and bottom surface decrease at first and then increase. The sophisticated effect of the main process variables and their interactions determines that finding the optimum condition of process parameters is hard and multi-objective optimization approaches are needed to find local minimum surface roughness and kerf geometry.

In this study, we aim to use new deep-learning tools and convolutional neural networks for traffic analysis. ResNeXt architecture, one of the most potent architectures and has attracted much attention in various fields, has been proposed to examine the scene, and classify it into three categories: cars, bikes (bicycles/motorcycles), and pedestrians. Previous studies have focused more on one type of classification and reported only human-facial recognition or vehicle detection. In contrast, the proposed method uses precise architecture to perform the classification of three classes. The proposed plan has been implemented in several steps: the first stage is to divide the critical objects. In the next step, the characteristics of the obtained objects are extracted to classify the process into three classes. Experiments have been conducted on different and essential datasets such as high-traffic, low-quality, real-time scenes. Essential evaluation criteria such as accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity show that the performance of the proposed method has improved compared to the methods being compared. The accuracy criterion reached more than 92%, sensitivity about 89%, and specially to 90.25%. The proposed method can be used to implement intelligent cities, public safety, and metropolitan decisions and use the results in urban management, predictive modeling of lost data management, sequential data management, and generalizability.

The Fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) has become popular in construction industry in last few decades. Various natural and artificial fibres are added in concrete to enhance the crack resistance property by developing some bonding between fibre and concrete. FRC is not only performs better than conventional concrete but also the fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) has become popular in construction industry in last few decades. FRC is not only performs better than conventional concrete but also it reduces environmental pollution. Actually in many rural area, people are not concerned about the pollution and hygiene. The unused portion of sugarcane fibre, banana fibre, jute fibre are thrown into pond/ lake. After few days they decompose and rotten, that causes pollution in waterbody and disturb the ecosystem. The fibres can be used as additive in concrete to enhance their overall performance as well as to reduce environmental pollution. In this paper, a state-of-art review has been investigated on FRC and its different benefits. Different fibres such as jute fibre, coconut fibre, polypropylene, basalt, areca leaf, glass, mask, plastic, carbon and steel fibre were incorporated in concrete by several researchers in the past decades that have been highlighted in detail in this paper. The performance has been evaluated in terms of load displacement hysteretic pattern, stiffness, ductility, energy dissipation, crack resistance, durability and workability of FRC. The virtue and limitations of FRC have also been discussed. From the existing literature, it is found that the performance of FRC under dynamic load, Damage assessment, Time dependent assessment of damage, Effect of fibre in high-performance concrete (HPFRC) and Life cycle assessment are found as major literature gap that needs to be fulfilled. A case study on damage assessment of FRC has also been conducted in this paper. From the result it is found that the Carbon fibre reinforced concrete (CFRC), Steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) and Areca leaf sheath fibre reinforced concrete (ALSFRC) are experiencing lesser damage in compared to normal concrete without fibre. Based on the existing literature the future scope and probable direction of research of FRC have also been highlighted.

The demand for aggregates for civil engineering construction is high in the market. The broad adoption of fly ash for producing fly ash aggregate is the best sustainable solution to fulfill aggregate demand and utilization of unused fly ash. Crushing is an essential step for producing angular-shaped aggregate. In this paper, an experimental study using a laboratory-scaled impact crusher was carried out to investigate the effect of crushing process parameters (feed block size, crusher speed and outlet sieve size) on the quality (particle size distribution, flakiness-elongation index and mechanical properties) of angular-shaped fly ash aggregates produced after crushing high-strength fly ash blocks. Particle size distribution and flakiness-elongation index were found to be changed with crushing parameters. Higher crushing speed resulted in small-size fly ash aggregates. Better particle size distribution of crushed fly ash aggregate was produced using a 60 mm outlet sieve compared to a 30 mm one. Well-graded fly ash aggregates with good particle shape (less flaky and less elongated) for the subbase layer of the road were obtained after crushing fly ash blocks of one-third feed size in a laboratory-scaled impact crusher at a crushing speed of 527 rpm and an outlet sieve of 60 mm. Mechanical properties (impact, crushing and abrasion values) of the fly ash aggregate were not much affected by crushing process parameters. The findings of this study will help in optimizing the crushing operation of the industrial impact crusher to produce high-quality angular-shaped fly ash aggregate on a large scale.

Two-dimensional analytical modelling of Dual Material Gate Tunnel Field Effect Transistor with change in variation of gate oxide thickness (DMG-UOX-TFET) is proposed in this work. This proposed device employs dielectric materials such as hafnium oxide and silicon dioxide, with distinct oxide thicknesses. This device was invented using a technology-aided computer design tool in 10 nm (0.01 µm) technology. This work investigates the impact of gate oxide thickness on the electrical characteristics of the proposed device, with a particular focus on drain current variation. The extensive simulations and key performance parameters of the proposed device were analyzed regarding gate oxide thickness. The various gate oxide thicknesses and their effects on the device subthreshold slope, On- current, Off- current, and on-off-current ratio were analyzed. The proposed device incorporates n-type operations within the gate overlap region, effectively mitigating the corner effect and the detrimental band-to-band tunneling that can degrade the on/off ratio. Through careful optimization of the doping concentration in the gate overlap region, achieved a remarkable ∼4.8 time enhancement in the on-current, while simultaneously reducing the average subthreshold swing from 91.3 mV/dec to 52.8 mV/dec.

In recent years, with the increase of access to customer data and the improvement of data analysis capabilities through intelligent methods, various activities have been carried out to analyze customer behavior; it is in the detection of bank frauds. Currently, bank frauds have a wide range of results, other than material and financial losses to the bank, customers and banks. After using smart tools to use different algorithms, the two selected algorithms XGBoost and LightGBM, according to the high ROC in the obtained models were selected step by step. At the same time, it has been used in final tests with the reduction of false samples labeled as fraud (FP). This model is developed using real development data and gives very acceptable results in card-to-card fraud detection. This model can significantly improve the security of the banking system and be used as a tool to reduce financial crimes.

In an age where preserving knowledge and information from books and documents is crucial, traditional manual scanning methods are tedious and error-prone. It involves a lot of human intervention and, as a result, sometimes results in erroneous digitization, which makes the downstream tasks, such as optical character recognition, difficult. Therefore, innovative techniques are required to be proposed that not only reduce human effort in terms of digitization but also give highly accurate results over the recently proposed state-of-the-art techniques. We proposed a novel computer vision-based algorithm that combines Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) features with Thepade's 10-ary texture features (TSBTC) for video frame classification. This hybrid approach significantly enhances frame selection accuracy, ensures high-quality digitization, and accommodates multiple languages and document types. We also proposed a dataset of 54,000 diverse images to demonstrate our algorithm's effectiveness in real-world scenarios and compare it to existing methods, making a valuable contribution to document digitization. The proposed dataset can be utilized for several document image analysis tasks.

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the design of a high-performance meta-material loaded square patch antenna arrays specifically tailored for X-band applications. To enhance the gain and front to back ratio (FTBR), a novel 1×3 series-fed linear array configuration that integrates solitary series-fed elements with metamaterial-based square patches at X-band frequencies is introduced. Later, parallel-fed 1×2 and 1×4 antenna arrays are designed by considering the series-fed antenna array as a single element for further enhancement of gain and FTBR. The single element 1×3 series fed array is fabricated with dimensions of λ×3.5λ×0.028λ, whereas the respective 1×2 and 1×4 parallel fed antenna arrays has the dimensions of 2.86λ×3.8λ×0.028λ and 2.86λ×4.3λ×0.028λ, respectively. The Taconic substrate is chosen as the dielectric material, exhibiting a dielectric constant of 2.2 and a loss tangent of 0.0025. The empirical data presented substantiates the superior performance of the 1×4 parallel fed configuration. This is evident through the remarkable reflection coefficient of -25dB, the wide bandwidth spanning 47MHz, the substantial gain of 17.8dBi, and the FTBR of 30.7. The metrics serve to highlight the array''s capacity in guaranteeing a superior level of signal fidelity, encompassing a wide frequency spectrum, amplifying incoming signals, and directing transmissions towards specific orientations. These metrics unequivocally validate its potential for advanced X-band applications.

Industries frequently encounter several difficulties during milling operations, especially with cutting forces. Slot milling involves the machining of slots in materials using a milling cutter, and the challenges related to cutting forces can significantly impact the efficiency and quality of the milling process.  CNC milling is widely used for machining of different types of materials in the manufacturing industry. Therefore, it is required to study process parameters and its behavior on materials which is not only to enhance the process but also make an effective and efficient path in metal cutting process. This research includes the effect of three input parameters i.e. feed rate, cutting speed and depth of cut on cutting force for Mild Steel. An empirical study gives the significant behavior of process or input parameter on machining properties. A mathematical study viz. ANOVA (Analysis of variance) gives the correlation in-between input or process parameters and machining or output properties for Mild Steel. It is also developed an equation for cutting force using a Regression model for the prediction of feed, speed and depth of cut. Values obtained from the mathematical models and Regression model was found to be very close to the data obtained from the experimental studies. The lowest cutting forces were obtained at high cutting speed and low feed rate and depth of cut.

The development of public transportation is considered a vital issue in reducing traffic as well as urban pollution. City buses play an important role in the city transportation system. In Iran, due to the high average age of city buses, it is necessary to replace the old buses with new ones, To replace the old buses, diesel and CNG, hybrid, and electric buses are proposed as the main alternatives. Global warming and the energy crisis are now considered as two potential serious threats for the world. Therefore, energy consumption and CO2 emissions are examined as two outstanding criteria for comparing candidate buses in this paper. To make an accurate comparison, the amount of energy consumption and CO2 emissions have been calculated based on the well-to-wheel approach. The electric bus well-to-wheel analysis has been done for both electricity generation mix and renewable generation. To perform more accurate calculations and simulations, as a case study, a real driving cycle has been constructed for Tehran. For this approach, a modified micro trip method as a novel solution is presented to synthesize the driving cycle. The results show that due to the high share of fossil power plants (about 92%) in Iran, the use of electric buses in the bus fleet may not have much effect on reducing energy and CO2 eq emissions. By using renewable power plants, the amount of well-to-wheel energy consumption and CO2 emissions decrease significantly (about 56% and 93%, respectively) compared to that for the generation mix.